Introduction
The state of Gujarat played a significant role in the Indian nationalist movement. Its strategic location, vibrant cultural heritage, and economically dynamic cities made it a hotbed for political activity. This article delves into the early nationalist movements in Gujarat, focusing on the formation of political associations, the influence of the Indian National Congress, and early nationalist activities.
Formation of Political Associations
The Beginnings of Political Consciousness
The early seeds of political consciousness in Gujarat can be traced back to the latter half of the 19th century. The socio-economic changes brought by British colonial rule, such as the introduction of Western education and the railways, created a new class of educated Indians. This new class began to question British policies and sought reforms.
Gujarat Sabha
One of the earliest political associations in Gujarat was the Gujarat Sabha, formed in 1884. The Sabha served as a platform for discussing and addressing local grievances. It included prominent leaders like Sir Narayan Chandavarkar, a noted social reformer and legal luminary, who played a crucial role in its establishment. The Gujarat Sabha became a precursor to more structured political movements in the region.
Other Associations
Following the establishment of the Gujarat Sabha, several other associations emerged. These included the Kathiawar Political Association and the Bombay Presidency Association. These associations were instrumental in fostering a sense of unity and political awareness among the people of Gujarat.
Influence of the Indian National Congress
Early Congress Sessions
The Indian National Congress (INC), founded in 1885, had a profound impact on the nationalist movements across India, including Gujarat. The early sessions of the Congress were attended by representatives from Gujarat, who brought the concerns and aspirations of the people to the national platform.
Role of Dadabhai Naoroji
Dadabhai Naoroji, known as the 'Grand Old Man of India', was one of the most prominent leaders from Gujarat associated with the INC. His economic critique of British rule, known as the "Drain Theory", highlighted the exploitative nature of colonialism. Naoroji's work inspired many young nationalists in Gujarat and beyond.
Congress Activities in Gujarat
The influence of the INC in Gujarat grew significantly with time. The annual Congress sessions became occasions for mass mobilization and political education. The 1901 Congress session in Ahmedabad, for instance, witnessed significant participation from local leaders and set the stage for more intensive nationalist activities in the region.
Early Nationalist Activities
Swadeshi Movement
The Swadeshi Movement, which began as a response to the partition of Bengal in 1905, found enthusiastic support in Gujarat. The movement aimed at promoting indigenous industries and boycotting British goods. Leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Lala Lajpat Rai toured Gujarat, urging people to adopt swadeshi.
Role of Mahatma Gandhi
Mahatma Gandhi's return to India in 1915 marked a turning point for the nationalist movement in Gujarat. Gandhi's philosophy of non-violent resistance and his emphasis on self-reliance resonated deeply with the people of Gujarat.
Kheda Satyagraha
The Kheda Satyagraha of 1918 was one of the first significant movements led by Gandhi in Gujarat. Faced with a severe famine, the peasants of Kheda district refused to pay taxes. Gandhi's leadership and the collective resolve of the peasants resulted in the suspension of tax collection, marking a significant victory for the nationalist movement.
Ahmedabad Mill Strike
Another notable event was the Ahmedabad Mill Strike of 1918. The textile mill workers, led by Gandhi, went on strike demanding better wages and working conditions. The success of the strike not only improved the workers' conditions but also demonstrated the power of non-violent protest.
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