Introduction
Buddhism, founded by Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha) in the 5th century BCE, spread across India and beyond, influencing various regions culturally and spiritually. Gujarat, a significant region in Western India, became an important center for Buddhism during its early years. This article delves into the spread of Buddhism in Gujarat, focusing on key sites like Junagadh and the Ashokan Edicts, exploring their historical and cultural significance.
Historical Context
Early Spread of Buddhism
Buddhism began to spread beyond its birthplace in the Gangetic Plains due to the efforts of Emperor Ashoka (304232 BCE), who embraced Buddhism after the Kalinga War. Ashoka's support for Buddhism led to the establishment of numerous stupas, monasteries, and edicts throughout his empire, including Gujarat.
Key Sites in Gujarat
Junagadh
Junagadh, a city located at the base of the Girnar hills, is one of the most significant Buddhist sites in Gujarat. It holds a rich collection of Buddhist relics and inscriptions, particularly from the Mauryan and Gupta periods.
The Uparkot Caves
The Uparkot Caves, located in the Uparkot Fort of Junagadh, are a significant example of Buddhist rock-cut architecture. These caves date back to the 2nd3rd centuries CE and were used as monastic quarters.
Upper Storey: The upper storey of the caves features
elaborate carvings, including images of Buddha and Bodhisattvas.Lower Storey: The lower storey comprises simpler cells, used for meditation and living quarters.
Khapra Kodiya Caves
The Khapra Kodiya Caves, another set of rock-cut caves in Junagadh, are among the earliest Buddhist caves in the region, dating back to the 3rd4th centuries BCE. These caves are simpler in design compared to later structures.
The Ashokan Edicts
The Ashokan Edicts in Junagadh are a set of 14 inscriptions carved on a large boulder on the banks of the Sudarshan Lake. These edicts, inscribed by Emperor Ashoka, are in Brahmi script and Prakrit language, promoting Buddhist values and moral teachings.
Ashokan Edicts
Emperor Ashoka's edicts are crucial in understanding the spread of Buddhism in Gujarat. These inscriptions were carved on rocks, pillars, and caves, spreading the message of Dharma (moral law) and Buddhism.
Major Edicts
Edict I: Prohibition of animal sacrifice and festive gatherings.
Edict II: Medical care for humans and animals.
Edict III: Respect for parents, teachers, and elders.
Edict IV: Moral responsibility of the state's officials.
Edict V: Appointment of Dhammamahamatras (officers of Dharma).
Edict VI: Welfare
measures for the people.These edicts reflect Ashoka's commitment to spreading Buddhist principles and his administrative policies rooted in compassion and morality.
Other Notable Sites
Devni Mori
Devni Mori, near Shamlaji in Sabarkantha district, is an important Buddhist site that gained prominence during the Western Satraps period (2nd4th centuries CE). Excavations at this site have uncovered stupas, viharas (monasteries), and a large collection of Buddhist relics, including inscriptions in Brahmi script.
Vadnagar
Vadnagar, in Mehsana district, has revealed significant Buddhist remnants, including monasteries and stupas, dating back to the 2nd7th centuries CE. Excavations have uncovered terracotta images of Buddha and other Buddhist artifacts, indicating the site's importance as a Buddhist center.
Influence of Buddhism in Gujarat
Cultural Impact
Buddhism profoundly influenced the culture of Gujarat. The principles of non-violence, compassion, and moral living promoted by Buddhism were assimilated into the local culture, impacting art, architecture, and social practices.
Architectural Influence
The rock-cut caves, stupas, and monasteries in Gujarat reflect the architectural ingenuity of the Buddhist period. The intricate carvings, sculptures, and inscriptions in these structures highlight the artistic excellence achieved during this era.
Tables
Table 1: Key Buddhist Sites in Gujarat
Table 2: Ashokan Edicts in Gujarat
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